To Readers

I very like to read and deal with ancient history. This is my hobby.
In this frame, the history of Egypt is very interesting for me. Especially Predynastic period and First Kingdom.
Because of this deal, I created blog Egyptian Dawn.
This happened on February, 2013 year.
About my sorry, I did not made researches before to give a name to my blog.
Soon after opening of the blog, I found that there has a site with the same name, dedicated to the very popular book with identical name.
The book was written by Professor Robert Temple. The public very likes this book.
This set me in very unpleasant situation.
By one side, my blog rested in the penumbra of the popular book and the capable professional.
By other side, arose question of the author rights over the name.
As professor Temple was first, he has unquestionable rights over the name.
Also, in the network have some sites with similar names dedicated to the contemporary political background and civil processes in Egypt and Arab culture.

Due to this reasons, I created this new blog Kola Egypt.
I moved the content from old blog to the new one.
After one year, on 24 April 2017, I will shut down permanently the old blog.
Why this date – this is my birthday.
I please professor Temple to excuse me for the turmoil. My condolences.

Very thanks to my readers – you were my very help.
Moreover, I believe that you rest with me in the new place!

Nibork Krobin

My soul will not be alone

This New Year my soul will not be alone!

Thanks to you, my readers, I will be happy!

Just minutes ago, the readers list of this blog hit 355.
In November, the list reached 160.

I understand how small this number in comparison with massive Internet public is.

However, I am completely unknown author.
My native language is not English.
My writings are full with mistakes and misusing.
Moreover, I am not professional historic or archaeologist.
I am simply physicist.

For me this number is stimulus, hope and happiness …
This number is the best present for the arriving Year!

Thank you Readers!

Be healthy! Be successfully! Be happy!

Nikolay Borislavov Kitov
The same Nibork Krobin
niborkkrobin@gmail.com

Method of using Contemporary relics

It is acceptable that many words from Egyptian language arrived in contemporary languages through direct connections, Greek, Roman, Thracian languages. After around 1800 B.C., many Egyptian soldiers rested in Balkan Peninsula and around Black sea, and gave those regions many language components. Direct trading and tourism leaded to many straight ties and heritage in contemporary languages. Some of the syllables are very resistant. They possess ability to pass through millennia and to migrate from one place to another, from one people to other peoples with small mutation. One example for such syllables is “UT”. This root is preserved chiefly in Russian language. Some examples: utka – duck – literary “water soul” with Egyptian “ka” – soul, spirit, gist. This only for females! utok – mountine creek

Thus, we should extract that root “ut” means “water”. This is basis of the root “utl” or “atl”, which is part of the words describing notions about big waters like “Atlantic”. May be from here should be derived the name of the Atlantic Ocean – literarily “the water”. May be from here should be derived too, the name of Atlantic civilization which is more general notion than Island Atlántida (Atlantis).
In Russian language is saved word “put” which means way, road. This word may be arrives from the times when many people lived in lakes in the homes built in the water – Stilt houses or Pile dwellings.

Water museum Ohrid

As it should be seen from the pictures, the main features of the pile dwellings are the walk from the lake bank to the homes and the pillars put through water. It is suspicious that in Russian way/road/walk is called “put” which should be translated as “through water”, especially in watering Russian plains in the spring and fall. In French the balks and small balks are called “putter” and “petrels”. In English the verb “put” means place steadily. All these notions express different aspects of one human activity. Thus, investigating similar roots in different languages with close means should be inferred initial and most common value of the word. This method is not absolute strong, but using in combination with some else methods, should give focus and evidence frequently. This method is useful in explaining some ancient names.
For example, some names including root Hu
In Bulgarian language are preserved some nouns including root “Hu”, and having similar sense:
хубав, хубавец, хубавея, хубост – hubav, hubavetz, hubost – nice, beautiful, beauty
хуквам – hukvam – rush vigorously
хумор – humor – hilarity
художник – hudojnik – master, high level painter or writer
The common for the words with root “hu” is power and creativeness.
In Russian language are preserved some words with root “hu”, too.
The word “hudojnik” is preserved as is it in Bulgarian.

However, there is conserved word "худо" – hudo – bad.
Here should be seen the Principle of Direct Religion Refusion. The new religions presents the notions from old religions with opposite meaning. Thus, two words with common root have opposite sound.
The same is seen in Turkish language. The word “kara” means black, pitiless. Meanwhile it consists by two syllables – kara – soul and light/power. The same word “kara” In Italian language is used as heard and lover!

In Latin family languages have some words, too.
human, humanity – the creature of the God.
In the same time in Latin have some words as:
humiliter – low, submissive, beggarly, slave
humo – bury, buried
Here again is seen the Principle of Direct Religion Refusion.
The common in meaning in the words containing root “hu” in many languages is creativeness, well, good. Alternatively, the diametric opposite. Let us to remember that god Hu was god of the creative word.
Names with root Fu Fatal, fata morgana, Fanatic, fatalism – are example words from western languages with common bad sense.
In Bulgarian language rested some words with this root:
Фукария – fukarija – poorness, pitiful
фурия – furija – velocity, force, – twister, storm
фурор – furor – intense impression, noise, surprise
The common in meaning for the word containing root “fu” is power and unpleasant sense. May be the God Fu personified hostile natural forces. Both roots – “hu” and “fu” in Bulgarian and in Russian languages are written with latter “Y” which is read in both languages “U”.
In ancient Thracian language, this letter symbolized the Sun! It was read “ju”. In ancient Egypt, the religious capital was called Yu-Nu, which Greeks translated as Heliopolis or Sun City.

The combination “hu-fu” should means unity of careful and dreadful natural powers. The sun is symbol of powerful forces giving profusion, life … In the same time it can be burning, scorching …
Thus, Hu-Fu should be the name of the whole complex of natural forces and personification of the Supreme God. In the same time, Hu-Fu should be adjective pertaining to the god Ra, god Atum, god Amon – supreme gods.

First Wonder of the World

More than 4 000 years human race has been striking by so called “Wonders of the World”.
Some people number all those seven. Some people – more …
Part of wonders is simply remembering. Some still exist, however in ruins.

However, one of them is still here. It is presented in our civilization, at now days. Unless it suffered natural disasters and human beings interventions, it is standing up – the massive sentinel of the human power and creativeness!
Many names occurred here – "Great pyramids", "Ancient Egypt pyramids", "Pyramids of Cheops", "The great pyramids of Khnum-Khufu” …
It is not known surely whether only the supreme was “the great pyramid of Cheops” or all three huge pyramids acquired this label. Especially in the time of First kingdom!
Who were the builders?
Why were thrown so efforts?
What was its destination? Which was their history? When they were assembled?
Ceaseless questions …
In the article “Ancient Egyptian Triangulation“, I made attempt to propose one possible purpose for their erection and to give answer to question ”Why?”.
In the article “Cheops - name or comprehensive notion?” I wish to point to one possible ambiguation in our notions. Thus, we should advance to answer to question “Who?”. By my opinion, the name "Cheops" stands for a period of history (particularly Egyptian history). Thus is possible to explain uncertainty about correlation between names Cheops and Hufu. The name of the article is crude and raw, but it is exactly what I think.
My thoughts are not hard positions. They point only promising ways out of default approach to the problem.
Many readers preferred idea about Egyptian triangulation. I am very thankful to them.
The problematic is still open, and I believe this situation will last time ahead.

What the word Cheops stands for

Whether the word Cheops is a name or a comprehensive notion?
The biggest pyramid in Giza is known from the times of Herodotus as “Pyramid of Cheops”. This tradition began with "Novels" of the Herodotus.
The narrated story of Herodotus is in the base of nowadays treatment in Egyptology. This is ridiculous, and from some point of view strange – after so centuries of investigations, heaped data, packed with exhibits in great museums, advanced technologies, and so intellectual potential we are still on opinion of the Herodotus.

However, this is not only ridiculous and strange – it is dangerous!
When modern reader look in the "Novels", he/she should rest with impression that Herodotus never had been in Egypt!
The persons familiar with Physics know that mainly there have two basic families of methods of investigations:
- Substantial, and
- Local
The difference between two types of methods should be explained with simple example.
Let us say that you wish to investigate the cars. You have two possibilities:
1. To get one car and drive it, fix it, repair it, change it construction …
All the time you will be with “this substance”. You will find information and notion of cars.
They will be profound, but limited to one car.
This is substantial approach ….
2. To sit somewhere in the highway and peering on the band.
You will see many cars for a small piece of time. Thus, you will reach some knowing about cars, which will be about many cars, but on the surface. You will find color, dimensions, and speed of cars, but will not understand engines, will not possess knowledge of changing the speeds …
This is local approach ...

These approaches were formulated at first from ancient Romans in their deal with Rule of Law Next physicists worked out the methods and they are strictly applicable as in the physics, as in the geography, as in the history, and so on. As methods of investigation, they are universal.
If Herodotus traveled through Egypt, his novels should reflect substantial approach.
As the most part of travelogues.
When one is reading Herodotus’ novels, it is in the eyes that here are applied local methods.

It is possible that the information given from author was gathered chiefly in the taverns around the tables. The sources were not scholars and monks, but half drank sailors and captains of the boots, where Herodotus really traveled. Should to say – very modest travels chiefly in Mediterranean islands. The "Novels" are filled with wild imaginings, impossible for the eyewitness. There are exposed much foolishness, non-thinkable for the man who has been on the place! Especially about winged serpents in Book II, “History of Cambis”, 75. All books are plenty with such infantile silliness.
In addition, we do not know original text. The copies exist with not known rate of manipulation.
Must to underline that in the original monuments from Egypt, there has not name “Cheops”. Regularly scientists flatten this name with Khufu, only in the ground that such pharaoh was recorded. However, the sound likeness between the names is doubtful, and the semantic similarity is undetectable.
Here, we can remember that Herodotus was Greek, and most of his works are known from Latin re-writings. What the name Cheops should means on these languages?
After short investigation in the Latin vocabulary, investigators should find that compound “Che-Ops” means “new flourishing”, “new possibilities”, “new ruling”. To mention that root “ops” rests in contemporary languages in the form “option’, which is very popular.
Here should be pointed that such buildings as great complex in Giza can be made only by society in flourish! No doubts – since union of Egypt under unified monarchy, and especially after the ruling of Joser, the state was in uplift. And that this society was in “new” flourish is understandable – the monarchy form of ruling and unitary state was very new form to the accustomed to federalism Egyptians at the times of pyramids! About this matter, Manetho was right and exhaustive.

Thus, the name of the Great Pyramid (in his Greek or Latin forms) is telling not for the person, but for the period of Egyptian history.
Now we name this period “Old Kingdom”. However, for contemporary people it was “New Kingdom”!

What the word Pyramid stands for

In today times all people around the world accepts word “pyramid” as stereo-metric figure.
However, this is not the original meaning of the word.
In the beginning of the history, “pyramid” has the sense of the “Temple with funeral Pile”.

We should not forget that in the Europe have two mountings with the root “pyra” in the name. They are Pyrenees in Iberian Peninsula and Pirin in Balcan Peninsula. Two names are identical. The difference in writing is due to transitions trough diverse languages. On Bulgarian and Russian languages, both names are written in one form – “Пирин” and “Пиринеи”. The second is plural from first on Latin.
Of course, there have many stories about origin of the names. For example, according to the tail in classical mythology, Pyrene is a princess who gave her name to the Pyrenees. The Greek historian Herodotus says Pyrene is the name of a town in Celtic Europe. According to Silius Italicus, Pyrene was the virginal daughter of Bebryx, a king in Mediterranean Gaul by whom the hero Hercules was given hospitality during his quest to steal the cattle of Geryon during his famous Labors. Hercules, characteristically drunk and lustful, violates the sacred code of hospitality and rapes his host's daughter. Pyrene gives birth to a serpent and runs away to the woods, afraid that her father will be angry. Alone, she pours out her story to the trees, attracting the attention instead of wild beasts who tear her to pieces.
After his victory over Geryon, Hercules passes through the kingdom of Bebryx again, finding the girl's lacerated remains. As is often the case in stories of this hero, the sober Hercules responds with heartbroken grief and remorse at the actions of his darker self. He lays Pyrene to rest tenderly, demanding that the surrounding geography join in mourning and preserve her name. Struck by Herculean voice, the mountaintops shudder at the ridges. He kept crying out with a sorrowful noise 'Pyrene!' and all the rock-cliffs and wild-beast haunts echo back 'Pyrene!' … The mountains hold on to the wept-over name through the ages." Pliny the Elder connects the story of Hercules and Pyrene to Lusitania, but rejects it as fabulous, fictional. See
Nevertheless, from here should be taken the notional core of “female beginning”.

Let us to point again, that in Latin, Pyrenees is the plural from the Pyre.
The Pirin in Balcan Peninsula is considered as sacred mountain. Some of historians suggest that it is named to the Slavic supreme god Perun. In addition, most high pick Vihren is believed had been place for sacred rituals.
I do not know haw was about Pyrenees, but I will not be surprised in the case there had the same believes.
In the Latin – Bulgarian Dictionary, the word “pyra, pyrae” is translated as rogus.

There have many explanations for “rogus” most frequent of which are:
– rogus (genitive rogī); m, second declension
   A: funeral pile
   B: The grave – figuratively See
Marvin Tameanko, retired architect and specialist in ancient architectural coins comments: "To cremate a body, bones and all (but not the teeth) you need lots of sustained heat. The Romans used a pyre, called a “rogus”, which was built with log cribwork, like a hollow log cabin, erected in stages, getting smaller at the top where the body was placed. The rogus was filled with straw, kindling, and set alight. It acted as a chimney and funneled the heat to the top, incinerating the corpse. Herodian, the Roman historian describes the rogus in detail. After the cremation, the ashes were placed in a stone building, called an ustrinum, made to look like the wedding-cake shaped rogus or the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and built near the cremation site. The remains of these have been found in Rome as early as 1907”.
One of the most amazing architectural types on Roman Imperials is the ustrinum or "funeral pyre" It consists of four tiers; the lowest most of which represents a plain podium with pilasters at the angles; having loosely-hanging drapery in front, with three large festoons, and the profile of a festoon at each end. The next tier forms the sepulchral chamber for the reception of the dead body. In the center is a pair of paneled folding doors, flanked by two niches on each side with statues and surmounted by a cornice. The tier above has five square-headed niches with statues and a cornice represented by beads; and the upper forms a lofty plain attic with hanging drapery in front, the folds of which are very marked. A lit torch flanks each end of the upper tier, which forms a pedestal surmounted by the quadriga of the deceased, with his statue in the chariot and holding a palm leaf in his left hand. All the tiers diminish in width from the base upwards to assume a pyramidal form.

In the Free Dictionary is given meaning of similar word:
– pyre (Greek: πυρά, pyrá, from πυρ, pýr, fire), also known as a funeral pyre, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite. As a form of cremation, a body is placed upon the pyre, which is then set on fire. See
Pyre, rogus, or ustrinum – all these are similar.
I wish to underline that the Greek root arrives from the word “fire”!
Let us see the pictures from mountain Pirin:
Pirin Sunset and Sunrise - Here is well seen as the “natural pyramidal” form, as the Sun fire. Seen from the surrounding mountings, Pirin is like great flame with many tangs in the sunset and the sunrise. Not occasionally, the mountain is sacred for the old Thracian people and Greeks.

Muratovo lake, peak Todorka
 Pirin Sunset Pictures taken from Evgeni Dimov 

Peak Todorka rear view Pirin Sunrise

Pictures taken from Pavel Pronin, Slideshow in the author’s site.

Two photographers, rear and face view, sunset and sunrise … One impression!

Many ancient natural places, entered in all religions known as High places are elevated areas on which altars have been erected for worship in the belief that, as they were nearer heaven than the plains and valleys, they are more favorable places for prayer. High places were prevalent in almost all ancient cultures as centers of cultic worship.
High places in Israelite ethnicity (Hebrew: Bamah, or Bama) or Canaanite culture were open-air shrines, usually erected on an elevated site. Prior to the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites in the 12th–11th century BC, the high places served as shrines of the Canaanite fertility deities, the Baals (Lords) and the Asherot (Semitic goddesses). In addition to an altar, matzevot (stone pillars representing the presence of the divine) were erected.
The practice of worship on these spots became frequent among the Hebrews.
Such worship was with difficulty abolished, though denounced time after time by the prophets as an affront to God.
A closely related example is a "backyard" altar, so to speak. Before there was a set temple and an established altar, people built their own altars. After the temple was built, the use of these altars was forbidden. Unlike the previous case, "backyard" altar worship was quickly eradicated.
In addition, the word Pyramid is containing syllable “ra”, which in Egyptian language means Light, Sanity.
Thus, the term Pyramid stands for as “temple” or “sacred place”.
This is not surprising – in the entire world have pyramids. Everywhere they are accepted as temples. For example - The ziggurats built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels.
It is notorious example The Pyramids/Temples of the Sun and the Moon in Teotihuacán. See
Also, the complex of two huge adobe brick buildings: the Pyramid of the Sun, or Huaca del Sol, and the artificial platform called Huaca de la Luna, or Temple of the Moon. This major archaeological site was built at the time of the Moche culture (100 BC-650 AD), just east of a prominent, freestanding hill, the Cerro Blanco (White Mountain), and next to a small tributary of the Moche River. It occupies a central location within the extensive Moche Valley. The complex sits about three miles inland, southeast of the modern city of Trujillo and is considered by many scholars to be the former capital of the Moche State. See

Everywhere, the pyramids are whether single, whether by couple – symbolizing male and female beginnings in equal level.
In this chain, the three pyramids in the Giza plateau are significant and single example.
Pyramids are scattered from Pidan in Siberia to India and Cambodia, from Thailand to Nankin, from Mexico to Chile. See
Only in Egypt, to the pyramids is prohibited to represent temples, and are regarded as simple tombs. Meanwhile, the traces of burials in the interior of the buildings are very scarce. The pyramids in Mexico are richer of burials then their sisters in Egypt. Nevertheless, the Mexicana pyramids are accepted as temples while the same is denied to the Egyptian pyramids.
The Giza’s pyramids are with poorest volume of remains and funeral features in the world.
To explain scarce burials in Egyptian pyramids, the legend of stealing is invited to help.
The hypothesis about ceaseless robbery is very comfortable, but doubtful or insufficient as explanation. Thieves are everywhere and at all times – In the Yucatan, in the Mexico, in the Peru, in the Arab peninsula… and still in Japan!
Nevertheless, the pyramids everywhere are treated in utterly different ways.
This is not only frivolously, but impossible to sustain trough centuries. Especially in modern times with big mass of gathered data. Obviously, behind this position has supporting force.

Temple in Thailand

Female Sphinxes

In the times of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (XVIII dynasty) were made some sphinxes. Two of them are now in Sanct Petersburg brought here in 1832. They are situated on the right bank of the river Neva. In ancient times, they were at before mortal temple of the Pharaoh in Thebes on the west bank of the river Nile. Both are with female faces and lioness bodies.

See         See     

From this time ahead, the Russians accepted sphinxes like females. Because of that, they made some modern examples in 19 century – all females!

Simple female Sphinx See

 

Sphinx from Egyptian Bridge See

Entrance in the Russian Ministry of Culture Sankt Petersburg   See

The youngest sphinx in St.-Petersburg. It has been established on quay Robespierre on April 28, 1995, as a monument to victim’s political terror and reprisals. Michael Shemjakin's work See   See   See

In 4th century in Alexandria was erected monument in honor of Emperor Diocletain, containing two sphinxes – both females! Such called “Pompey Pillars”

See   See   See   

Sphinxes with female faces were made for the private homes – as it was rendered by

William Curtis Rolf.

“Bagatelle Sphinxes” Snapshot By William Curtis Rolf This beautiful photograph was taken at Chateau de Sceaux, just outside Paris. See

Chiswick House in London has two sphinxesq which were commissioned by its first owner Lord Burlington in the late 1720s See See

In now times woman Sphinxes are serving as multiple symbols in the places dedicated to human spirit and social contacts.

Next are sphinxes in the mason temples scattered in the world.

O Rito Sueco mason Temple

Sphinx, Scottish Rite Temple, Mobile, Alabama

 

Modern Sphinx art

Sphinx in private home for vacations in USA

Sphinx on public place - unnamed picture from the Net

The female beginning of sphinxes seems to be stable tradition all around the world!

It should be inferred that in principle and/or tradition the Sphinxes are females!

There are some excluding like Amenemhet III, but they likely underline the rule.

The Egyptian Goddess

“And Ra took his Eye and gave it to the enchanting Hathor – and with the power of the burning sun she changed – no longer was she the goddess of love and affection, now she was Sekhmet, goddess of war and destruction.
…, and as she was asleep Ra took back his magical Eye and Sekhmet became Hathor once again.”
Francois Daumas is the author of a very concise, but important research on the nature of Egyptian goddesses. The findings of the exercises are: Egyptian goddesses, regardless of its external differences are variations on one and the same female deity: Mother Goddess, Goddess Woman! In other words, the nature and functions are identical, although the iconography and their names are not identical. All goddesses are hypostases of the same female deity, hence the differences in iconography. This conclusion of the Daumas is fundamental.
In trust – when we regard toward the names of the Egyptian deities, we rest with impression that these names are not true nouns, but the adjectives! Depending of the context and what the author wish to underline is used adjective or epithet, which is proper for the content. The different epithets are multiple dimensions of the Goddess!
When the deity is in the role of protectress of the home and maternity, she is determinate simple with one word – Hathor – Hwt-Hr – The home of the [God] Hor.
That means, the home of harmony, children, love … All this with one word.
When the deity is in the role of armed protectress of land, homes, kingdom, she is pointed as – Neith – a warrior goddess! Again one single word!
When she represents infiniteness of the Universe, the Metaphor of the Sky – Nut Is used in parallel with Lady to the Limit. Here "limit" means the edges of the known universe.
Interesting philosophy matter – unlimited Sky/Universe with edges/limits. Ancient Egyptians used Dialectic as we know in the modern times by the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus .
Sometimes she is guardian of silence and rest, respectively of died people – Lady of the West – Meretseger. After sunset all world is going to rest.

Egyptian writings seem as now day’s tractates of mathematics. All math scientific books begin with list of signs and what they mean. Then, in the text the signs are used without explains. Who wish to understand long formulae must to go to explanation page.
In the same manner, the readers who wish to understand ancient Egyptian text have to previously to study symbolic of deities’ names. Thus, the text is concise. In the same time it is abundant of notions and should be easy modified if need occur.
Thus should be explained and understood the multidisciplinary character of the Egyptian Goddess, apparent from the following text that is brief version of the myth for the   Great Flood - Source
Ra had ruled the gods for countless years. He was stern and fair in matters of justice, and wise in the council he heeded from the other gods. Now the ravages of time were affecting even the mightiest of the gods for Ra was growing weaker and older. He spent many hours asleep and less time attending to the matters of state and running creation than he used to. His Eye still blazed from above though and he gazed upon the humans who worked the land. All was in order along the fertile riverbanks, but when Ra’s gaze wandered to the desert, he saw some humans plotting a coup. This went against the ancient order and Ra was furious. He summoned his council of gods and spoke to them.
“Oh woe is me, the humans are plotting against the sacred order. After all I have done for them, after I created them from my own tears they turn against me. You that I have summoned are the wisest gods of my council, created by me – as the humans were created by my tears so you gods were created by all my other fluids (and I do mean all…). What punishment should I mete out to these ungrateful mortals?”
Apis spoke up, “Oh mighty Ra, should we destroy them utterly? Send a flood perhaps to wipe them out?”
“No Apis, that is a stupid idea. I only want to punish the wicked, and besides a Flood is a good thing to happen since it makes the land around the river fertile. No, only an insane god would countenance such a thing.”
Thoth gave his council, “Ra of the Heavens, perhaps we could send a lion to diminish their numbers?”
“Umn, not that terrifying really, unless it was a lion who was also a god. Perhaps you are onto something there…”
Ptah spoke, “Eternal Ra, you know that the only punishment that is fitting is for your own Burning Eye to scorch these wicked people from the earth.” The other gods nodded in agreement.
Then Hathor, Ra’s beautiful daughter spoke. “Father, the council of gods is wise, and your Burning Eye should indeed be the instrument of destruction. But you are tired and sometimes look the wrong way when you are trying to concentrate. Let me take your Eye and be your vengeance. It would be a shame for the pyramids to be burned to a crisp because you needed your afternoon nap and your attention wavered.”
“Wise council indeed”, replied Ra, “Very well, so it shall be.”
And Ra took his Eye and gave it to the enchanting Hathor – and with the power of the burning sun she changed – no longer was she the goddess of love and affection, now she was Sekhmet, goddess of war and destruction. Her head was that of a Lion (Thoth nodded in approval), and her eyes shot fire. She descended to the desert and began to destroy the humans who had been prepared to bring chaos to the land.
“Well, that was tiring”, said Ra, “I’m off for a nap. Wake me when my daughter returns…”
…
Ra slowly returned to consciousness. He could hear mumbling around him, voices whispering “You tell him”, and “No, you tell him!” Ra stood up and the gods who had come to wake him shuffled quickly back from his bed.
“Oh mighty Ra, there’s been a bit of a problem” said Osiris. “While Sekhmet has indeed carried out your wise plan and killed the evil ones who plotted against the order of the universe, she has, umn, gotten a bit carried away. In fact we can’t stop her from killing people, it seems she has gotten a taste for human blood.”
“Oh dear, well this wont do. And none of you can stop her eh? All right, I’ll just get the Eye of Ra and stop her with that.”
“Er, she has the Eye of Ra, that’s why we can’t stop her, oh mighty and aged one.”
“All right then, I have a cunning plan. Bastet, bring in the harvest and start making as much beer as possible. Seth, go and fetch as much red dye as you can. And Apis…”
“Yes, my lord?”
“Prepare a flood!”
…
And so it came to pass. The beer was dyed red and put into the Nile. And a great flood came upon the river and it burst its banks spilling the red beer all over the land. When Sekhmet saw this she thought it was blood and quickly ran over to drink it. And so she did, gallons and gallons of beer, she drank it all, reveling in the taste, not noticing that it was not the blood of humanity. Eventually she grew quite drunk and collapsed, and as she was asleep, Ra took back his magical Eye and Sekhmet became Hathor once again.
The next day while Hathor the beautiful stayed at home nursing a hangover, Ra addressed the gods.
“My fellow immortals, through my own negligence the humans were nearly wiped from the face of the world. Never again should this happen, and rather than make some grandiose promise (which some other god will only end up breaking) I shall instead retire. Geb, my grandson, will become the new King of the Gods and rule in my stead. As for me I shall go up into the heavens and flow through the sky each day, watching over you all.”
And so he did, and the Gods never again made such a mistake as to nearly kill the people they so loved.

This story demonstrates transmutation of the goddesses from one to another, and again in return. Hence, the Egyptians did not make a sharp distinction between deities, but accepted them as miscellaneous appearances depending of the moment and the moment’s needs. The Egyptian mythology is plenty with such stories, some of them very old – from Old kingdom!
The transmutation between Sekhmet and Hathor is very important, because the translation of line 13 in the Dream Stele should be “… which we bear to it: bulls… and all young vegetables; and that, whom we will glorify… Khatri the statue, made into the name Atom- chorus -em-Aketa…”

The Sphinx should be representation of the supreme goddess that is permitted possesses manifestations as Sekhmet, Hathor, Neith, and so on …
Not occasionally in the mortal temples of the great pyramids had places for the statues of the pharaohs and for Hathor.
The name Sekhmet is very appealing for our investigation!
We do not know how exactly was pronounced this name. We do not know whether it was noun, proper noun, clarification noun, adjective, epithet, metaphor…
In congruence with Egyptian writing rules, the name is written “s-k-h-m-t-“.
The inserting of “e” on the first and fourth place is preference of the Egyptologists.
Meanwhile, the positions for vowels are five – that means possible variants of the name are none less than 625! Detailed study of all probable forms is lumber work and not appropriate in the current exposition.
As I am not professional Egyptologist, I will permit to me myself some freedom of thinking.
It is fascinating idea to get that this name is derived from Sa-Ka-Hu-Ma-Ta.
Sa – is meaning “child” and is accepted as symbol of Protection
Ka – Supreme Soul
Hu – symbol of the God Principles/creativeness
Ma – righteousness, truth
Ta – true measure, true dimension
And this rendition is in accordance with narrated story.
The reader should take sense that he/she is reading “The Holy Wright”. From here are many features in the Bible.

Next is some more about Sekhmet – terrible Goddess, impersonation of all goddesses, confidante of Ra, performer of the Divine Will!
The Egyptians associated the creation of the desert with her breath.
She was also regarded as being the protector of the royalty and their leader in warfare.
The fierce warrior goddess was also considered a solar deity. The Egyptians drew association between Sekhmet and other deities such as Bast and Hathor. Sekhmet was responsible for bearing the solar disk and she gained her association with the royalty and Wadjet by being the bearer of Uraeus. This is why she was also considered a divine character of order and justice (reincarnation of the Maat). She was also connected with Tefnut through the eye of Horus.
In later dynasties, the Egyptians started to associate Sekhmet with the Sun God Ra!
They believed that she was the daughter of the most powerful deity for the Egyptians. This new belief came into existence when the cult of Sekhmet joined forces with the worshipers of Horus.
She was a sun goddess, embodying the scorching, burning, destructive heat of the sun. Fierce goddess of war, the destroyer of the enemies of Ra and Osiris. Like the sun, her temper was uncontrollable.
Sekhmet reached the zenith of her popularity in the 12-th dynasty during the reign of Amenemhat I. It was during this time that a dedicated cult of followers of Sekhmet had attained ruling authority over Egypt. They decided to shift the capital of Egypt from its previous location to the headquarters of Sekhmet’s cult, which was in Itjtawy. Source
Originally, Sekhmet’s domain was in Upper Egypt, which is the region in the south of the country. However, with the passage of time, Upper Egypt actually conquered the delta region, which was classified as Lower Egypt. This expanded the domain of Sekhmet and made her more powerful than two warrior goddesses combined – Menhit "she who massacres" and Neith, goddess of creation, hunting and the dead; associated with wars.
Following this expansion in Sekhmet’s domain, she was now being considered as the sole avenger of wrongs and acquired the title of “Scarlet Lady”. The latter title was given to her because of her lust for blood due to she is also regarded as being the original inspiration for the creation of the vampire.
After taking over Lower Egypt Sekhmet had actually entered into the territory of another female warrior goddess by the name of Bast. Although she could not remove the former governor of Lower Egypt, Bast’s role was restricted to being a lesser deity. Bast is a catlike goddess, daughter of the sun god "Ra". Bast was originally a lion goddess, but after 1000 B.C. as her cult developed, she became more associated with the cat and was considered the center counterpart of the lion goddess Sekhmet.
The domestic cat attained special significance as the sacred animal of the Goddess Bast. Hundreds of figures were set up as votive offerings in the temple at Bubastis in order that the donor might share in the Goddess's grace. Actual mummies of cats were buried by the thousands in special cemeteries in the area.
During this time, the role of many Egyptian deities and mythological characters was being changed. These changes continued to occur with the advent of the Greeks into the Egyptian land.
The name Sekhmet traditionally translates as “the one who is powerful”. However, this is not precise translating, and is more subjected to many roles of this goddess.
She was also given a number of other titles such as “The Mistress of the Dead” (actually Meretseger), “Lady of Slaughter” and the “One Before Whom Evil Trembles”.
In her row, Meretseger – Goddess of Punishment and Mercy, Protectress of the Necropolis Under the Peak of the West (the cemetery) – believed to be very important deity. Sometimes she is merged with Sekhmet, but rests with traditional iconography as serpent.
Most frequently, Meretseger is represented as Lady of the west.
Let us see portrait made for Meretseger by Caroline Seawright: Source
Meretseger (Mertseger, Merseger, Mereseger) was the ancient Egyptian goddess of the necropolis at Waset (Thebes). She watched over the deceased in their tombs, protecting them and their belonging from tomb robbers. She also protected the area from criminals and oath breakers, striking all those with evil intent down with snakebites or with blindness. The workers of Deir el Medina feared her wrath, begging for her forgiveness and a cure for blindness or venomous bites, believing that she had struck them down. They believed she was a merciful goddess who would cure them if they were repentant. Her reach did not extend beyond the necropolis, so she was not worshiped throughout Egypt. Mostly the people, who worked in the necropolis, building and decorating the tombs of the New Kingdom pharaohs, revered her. Meretseger was generally shown as a coiled cobra, or as a cobra with a woman's head. Sometimes she was shown in cobra form with head and arm projecting from the hood of the cobra. At other times she was shown as a snake, with three heads - that of a woman, that of a cobra and that of a vulture. On occasion she was also shown as a cobra headed woman or as a full woman, though this is very infrequent. Her name, 'She Who Loves Silence', comes from mr 'love' (with the feminine t ending) and sgr 'quiet'. She was believed to live on a certain peak, shaped like a pyramid (which has the sound mr, so this could be a pun on Meretseger's name), on the mountain chain above the Valley of Kings. At times, she was known as her dwelling place - 'The Peak of the West' - as a term of respect. This also connected her with the peak in the Egyptian mind, making them one. It also meant that her worship was focused around Waset, and she only had power over the royal necropolis there. After all, the other deities were generally not fixed to a specific geographical location. While they were worshiped mainly at one city or another, they were not the personification of that city. Meretseger, on the other hand, became the personification of the peak. She did not move - the people who revered had to be near the peak.) A deity of protection, she was thought to guard the tombs in the Valley of the Kings from the heights of the mountain that overlooked the royal necropolis. The workers at the village at the necropolis left steles dedicated to her, worshiping her as a dangerous, merciful goddess. Yet they were fearful of her. They believed that she would strike down those who desecrated the sacred tombs, poisoning them with her snakebites or scorpion stings, or striking them down with blindness. These same fates were reserved for those who committed any crime, or those who swore false oaths. Yet she was merciful to the repentant, curing them of the results of her anger - many stelae frequently seek to make atonement for their wrongdoings. The people stepped lightly around this goddess.

However, let us return to my loved goddess – Sekhmet. Along with her husband, the creator-god Ptah and their son Nerfertum, she was part of the powerful trio of deities that protected Ancient Memphis, the capital of Egypt. Nearby to the Sphinx and Great pyramids.
The female goddess was also considered a special deity for women because she was supposed to be ruling over menstruation as well. She was renowned as Goddess of Transformation and Healing and was associated with the "fire in the belly" that ignites the kundalini energies. She is known as the destroyer of evil and healer of all things. Source
She is most commonly depicted in the form of a lioness and was regarded as being the fiercest of all hunters. Frequently, she was represented as having the head of a lioness and the body of a female human. A serpent sits upon her head. Again parallels with Meretseger.
Alternative Names for Sekhmet were:
Beloved Sekhmet, Destroyer by Fire, Awakener, Ruler of Lions, Great One of Healing, Burner of Evildoers, Protectress of Divine Order…
The last is parallel with Ma’at. In her row, Ma'at, seemed to be more of a concept than an actual goddess. Her name literally meant “truth” in Egyptian. She was truth, order, balance and justice personified. She was harmony, she personified what was right, and she was what things should be. It was thought that if Ma'at did not exist, the universe would become chaos, once again.
She was judge at the Egyptian underworld at the Halls of Ma'ati or Halls of the Double Ma'at. The dead person's heart was placed on a scale, balanced by Ma'at herself, or by the Feather of Ma'at (her symbol that she wore on her head was an ostrich feather). In life, it was the pharaohs' duty to uphold Ma'at. "I have done Ma'at" had been spoken by several pharaohs, as well as being called "beloved of Ma'at".
Now, we see that Sekhmet appears as manifestation of Ma’at!
King Amenhotep III especially revered Sekhmet, as he had an enormous quantity of statues. Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project, directed by Dr. Hourig Sourouzian, has unearthed more than 80 statues of the goddess Sekhmet during their excavations at the temple. It has been suggested that the Sekhmet’s statues were erected because Amenhotep III was very sick during his final years. Source
This deity was highly regarded trough all Egyptian history.
Only in Temple of Mut in Karnak had originally been 730 statues – one seated and one standing for each day of the year! May be they were part of a ritual intended to pacify the fiery goddess.
This is interesting – big number statues of Sekhmet in the temple of Mut …
Nearly 600 of these statues have now been accounted for. The British museum has fragments of over 20, the largest collection outside Egypt, where a considerable number of the original group can still be seen in situ. Source Source2
One is in Metropolitan museum, more in the Vatican Museum, in Sistine Chapel, in Vatican gardens, some in private collections.
The sculptures of Sekhmet are scattered all around the world!
The museums and homes are inundated with countless number of small statuettes of Sekhmet. Big part of them are contemporary production. The presence of the Sekhmet in jewelry manufacture is abundant. Nice example is demonstrated in private Barakat Collection where diminutive electrum amulet is a masterpiece of intricacy. Originally, ancient statuettesa would have been attached to a small base, perhaps inserted into a shrine of sorts, as indicated by the pin underneath her feet. She is depicted with the head of a lion and the body of a human wearing a long, close fitting robe. Represented seated, she holds long stemmed lotus bud in her right hand. The features of the lioness are remarkably naturalistic, and yet, at the same time, we can sense the power of her divinity. Perhaps this pendant once stood on a shrine inside the house of a high-ranking official from the city of Memphis. Surely, given the inherent value of the material, the symbolic significance of Sekhmet, and the absolute mastery of the carving, this pendant could only have been possessed by an elite member of Ancient Egyptian society. Certain objects, masterpieces treasured in their own time, are of an eternal beauty that is easily appreciated regardless of era or culture. 

Source Source2

This chapter appears partially as chaos and makes a sense of heaped notions. I please to excuse me for this condition of the text. Such condition is unavoidable in the case one wish to save purity of sources. In addition, they are many and many…
The Egyptian culture lasted long time and rested many monuments in countless number of variants. The legends and speculations over died culture are unrestrained. The investigation is not easy.

Let us to repeat briefly:
Sekhmet is a sun goddess, embodying the scorching, burning, destructive heat of the sun. Fierce goddess of war, the destroyer of the enemies of Ra and Osiris. Like the sun, her temper was uncontrollable. The Egyptians associated the creation of the desert with her breath.
Protector of the royalty and their leader in warfare.
A special deity for women because she was supposed to be ruling over menstruation as well. She was renowned as Goddess of Transformation and Healing. She is known as the destroyer of evil and healer of all things.
She was depicted in the form of a lioness. Frequently, she was represented as having the head of a lioness and the body of a female human. A serpent sits upon her head.
She is named:
Beloved Sekhmet, Destroyer by Fire, Awakener, Ruler of Lions, Great One of Healing, Burner of Evildoers, Protectress of Divine Order, The Mistress of the Dead, Lady of Slaughter, One Before Whom Evil Trembles.
She merged with Hathor, Bast, Menhit, Neith, Meretseger …
Are you know better candidate for the Great Sphinx?

Hetepheres I

One of the most important discoveries in Egyptology is shaft of Queen Hetepheres I - "Her Face Is Satisfied".
This finding rested misfortune in the shade of Tutankhamun.
Let us throw a glance over goods placed in this shaft.
As you will see, the quality of commodities is on highest level and perfect artistic feel.
The shaft is rich of gold.
The age is from IV Dynasty.
All these make shaft and its proprietor very, very important.

Pictures are taken from Wikipedia and Jimmy Dunn’s site.

This burial has many ambiguities and secrecies, which are disclosed nicely from Jimmy Dunn writing as Alan Winston.
Here I wish to underline one, which is above at all, by my opinion.
Most of articles about Hetepheres begin with firm affirmation that he was daughter of Snefru and mother of Khufu. However, from where arising this affirmation?
For this, very important person and her monuments in the Wikipedia have two sources (!):
First is article Hetepheres I: “Starting in 1902, a joint expedition of Harvard University and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts took over the excavation of Giza. For 23 years, they methodically cleared and documented the area. On the February 9, 1925, while the leader of the expedition, George Reisner, was back in the US, the staff photographer noticed a patch of plaster where he was expecting limestone. Under the direction of Ahmed Said, Reisner's head rais, they cleared the area and removed the plaster, revealing a deep shaft. They dug down 85 feet before reaching a masonry wall which, when penetrated revealed a jumble of grave goods including a white alabaster sarcophagus, gold encased rods used to frame a canopy or tent, gold, wood furniture, and more. Using binoculars and mirrors, Battiscombe Gunn identified an inscription identifying Sneferu. Nevertheless, this, contrary to newspaper reports at the time, only meant that the owner of the tomb had lived during the reign of Sneferu.
Hetepheres I may have been a daughter of pharaoh Huni. Her title God's Daughter suggests she was the daughter of a king and the most likely candidate is Huni, the predecessor of Sneferu. Her titles include: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt), Mother of the Dual King (mwt-niswt-biti), Attendant of Horus (kht-hrw), and God’s Daughter of his body (s3t-ntr-nt-kht.f).
Hetepheres was the wife of the king Sneferu and the mother of King Khufu. It is possible that Hetepheres was only a minor wife of Sneferu and only rose in prominence after her son ascended the throne. She was the grandmother of Kings Djedefre and Khafra and Queen Hetepheres II. Hetepheres died during the reign of her son Khufu.”
Second in the article Khufu: “In 1925 east of Khufu's pyramid the tomb shaft of queen Hetepheres I, G 7000x, was found. It contained a lot of precious grave goods and several inscriptions report her title "Mother of a king" (Mut-nesut), together with the name of king Sneferu. Therefore it seemed at first to be sure that Hetepheres was the wife of Sneferu and that both of them had to be Khufu's parents.”
Third explanation is given in the article “Snefru” in site Ancient-Egypt.org: “Snofru, the first king of the 4th Dynasty, probably was the son of his predecessor Huni and Meresankh I, one of Huni’s secondary wives. His marriage to his half-sister, Hetepheres I, appears to have legitimized his claim to the throne.
Although the kings of the fourth Dynasty are thus descendants of the kings of the third Dynasty, Manetho justifies his placing them in a separate dynasty because Snofru came from a different line in the royal family!
Next to Hetepheres, Snofru was married to at least two other but unknown queens, with whom he had several children. A first queen bore him four children: one, whose name is unknown, then Nefermaat, Rahotep and Ranofer. Hetepheres only seems to have born him one child, Kheops. With his third wife, Snofru may have had one or two children: Kanefer and perhaps Ankh-haf. (Last of all carried title “Eldest son of His body” Wikipedia)”
In cited passages is difficult to understand what are facts, what are conclusions, what are imaginations. Very strange conclusions, should to say! I will underline expressions:
- “Therefore it seemed at first to be sure …” Seems or is sure …
  Are we make proposal or give firm position.
- “… may have been a daughter of pharaoh Huni” Maybe yes, maybe not!
- “But this, contrary to newspaper reports at the time, only meant that the owner of the
  tomb had lived during the reign of Sneferu.” I am sorry! Not only that!
- “Next to Hetepheres, Snofru was married to at least two other but unknown queens,
  with whom he had several children.”
These two women are confirmed by trusted sources.
Hetepheres as wife of Sneferu is proposal. However, proposal over what?
Appears, over inscription in the shaft of Hetepheres. In addition, this inscription is insufficient to make such application.
- “Snofru, the first king of the 4th Dynasty, probably was the son of his
predecessor Huni and Mereankh I, one of Huni’s secondary wives.” Many “maybes” here!Remarkable is assumption:
“It is possible that Hetepheres was only a minor wife of Sneferu and only rose in prominence after her son ascended the throne. She was the grandmother of Kings Djedefre and Khafra and Queen Hetepheres II.”
Take a good look – the daughter of Huni, the person legitimized Snofru’s claim to the throne, the supposed mother of Khufu, the grandmother of Khafra and Radjedef is minor wife to the man who still is not prince … Decent humiliation of the royal family. Simple women, not daughters or members of the royal family, not mothers and grandmothers to the next kings are main spouses? The problem is that all official spouses of the Sneferu are well known.
Not HetepHeres between them.
Most simple and direct conclusion is that Hetepheres was mother of Sneferu! This is correct conclusion from the inscription in the shaft.
This is not only conclusion – into the original place it is statement in straight words!

In Wikipedia is omitted obstacle that Sneferu was not born prince.
He is the founder of IV dynasty!
Because of that, his mother was praised only King’s Mother, and never called "king's wife"(Hemet-nesut). She wore title "Biological daughter of a god" (Sat-netjer-khetef).
Most probably she was daughter of a king, and may be this was the ground over which her son ketches the power?
Maybe she was daughter of Huni, maybe she was his sister. This is truly not known.
But if we accept this very direct and very trustable statement “mother of Sneferu”, appears big turmoil …
The tomb shaft is at east of Khufu’s pyramid, at the west end of the Eastern Cemetery. That means it is buried after building the pyramids!
That means in the row, that the Great Pyramid was ready in the times of the father of Khufu!
Still it is possible somebody to argue that the pyramid of Khafra was erected at full in the times of the grandfather of Khafra!
Thus, all smart managed chronology turns into heap …
This is indigestible for the mainstream Egyptologists. Therefore, they created official explanation, which like every false construction, raises more questions than gives answers and no one stable point.
This artificial construction gave birth of, and still generates big endless discussions, which should be seen in the proposed articles and in the Internet, and are object for ridiculous disagreements and quarrels between mainstream Egyptologists. However, these disagreements and quarrels are not subject to now study.
Meanwhile Reisner understood the importance of the discovery!
He worked with dedication from 1905 to 1942 years. Really, until his death. One of beloved photography by him was this one before the Hetepheres object:

Arthur Merton (London Times), Alfred Lucas, George Reisner, Dows Dunham, and Noel F. Wheeler, outside the magazine for G 7000 X, Hetepheres I; April 11, 1927 (B6205) From Reisner's biography by Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

No occasionally Reisner gathered famous persons before Hetepheres magazine. Reisner recognized magnitude of the find.
This find was the crown of his work.

Ancient Egyptian Triangulation

Probable function of the Pyramids

"When the Nile is overflowing, it floods the Delta and the lands called Libyan and Arabian, for a distance of a journey of two days from both banks in places, and sometimes, sometimes less. I could not learn anything about its nature, neither from the priests nor from anyone else. I was curious to learn why the Nile is flooding for a hundred days from the summer solstice; and when this time is passed, sinks again, and the river is low during the whole winter until the summer solstice again."  
Herodotus, Histories 2, 19
Inundations were God's blessing for the people of the Egypt. They not only gave fertile soil.
In addition, they grew underground horizons of water, thus completing the stock of living fresh water. They feed oases and stabilized scarce forest, giving building material and flame in the homes. They gave fish, encourage the birds, strengthened the papyrus fields, and washed away the debris and dirt ...
Real blessing!

In the same time, there had obverse.
The boundaries between farmland fields disappeared. Every year had to re-allocate all used farmland. And this in precisely manner - in contrary should explode social burst.
The boundaries of the fields were marked with boundary stones. These had to be replaced frequently after the inundations, based on cadastral records.
An oath of the kind "I swear by the great god that is in heaven that the right boundary stone has been set up" was sworn at their erection.
 Boundary stone      Boundary stone

As it is seen above, boundary stones between parts of lands were small - less than 1/3 of the average human body. Moreover, the floods were enormous. Dynamic muddy water with meters corpulence was possible to squeeze and move stones, to swamp them. In other words, after every flooding here was need to restore boundaries.
Not a problem here.
However, the problem arose from the time frames.
At first days after flood, the access to the farmland is impossible due to the mud. The land is as morass. The seeds thrown here should to ret.
Soon after water from the Nile gone off, the cropland, begun to dry quickly, and to parch by sun insulation. If in the seeding of the crop occurred detention, the seeds would not still spring up. Consequently, they are impossible to grow and to tie the fruits.
The periods between swamp condition and the scorched condition are too narrow.
Therefore, the work must to be made quickly and accurately.
This is very difficult mission bear in mind a mass number of productive areas and plots.
May be surveyors had only two to five weeks to make annual relocation.
This year, I found a part time job in my native town's farm service. Our team was obliged to map the agricultural plots, cultivated by farmers, with goal to give them right stimulus payments. We used contemporary computer devices and programming, GPS systems, satellite pictures, cars, modern optical equipment, quick printing resources. In addition, the area was (and still is) many times smaller than the Egypt cropland. Result - 3 months. After which three month, big part of plots were represented and imposed on each other. If the Egyptians worked in such way, they should die first year.
In the top of all, they had only ropes and stones.
As Ingrid Salmon explains in excellent way in the Legal Aspects of Surveying:
"From the earliest times in Ancient Egyptian society, there was some sort of land administration system. In the Old Kingdom (2780 - 2100 BC), the King theoretically owned all the land, and delegated its use to others (Trigger, 1983, p. 226). From the third dynasty onwards, the land was given to deserving officials (Schultz, 1998, p. 383), which eventually led to the land being owned mostly by temples or individuals, who then were required to pay tax on the land. There are records that date back to around 3000 BC of the registration of land. Such records are usually found either in the form of writing on tomb walls or on papyri, where details of the land were recorded. A good system of land administration was required to assess land ownership and calculate tax. Due to the constant changes in the land, it was the job of the surveyor to measure each parcel of land annually (!) so that the tax could be calculated. The boundaries of the parcels of land were marked with boundary steles, pieces of stone with inscriptions. The latter contained information similar to that of a certificate of title today, namely the name of the owner of the land, the king and a description of the extent of the land (Berger, 1934, p. 55). The steles were registered at the survey department (Murnane, 1993, p. 148) this meant that a permanent record, of where they were supposed to be located, was kept. Scenes of measurement in the fields have been found on tomb walls, such as the picture of a surveyor checking a boundary stone in, found in a Theban tomb." 

The duties of the surveyor in Ancient Egypt covered a number of aspects, including boundary definition and in building construction. The need for surveying was a consequence of the civilized society in Ancient Egypt. The annual flooding of the Nile, something affected significantly the life of the Egyptians, resulting often in a change of the shape of the land on the banks of the river, or the disappearance of the stones marking the boundaries. A surveyor was required to re-measure the land and to replace the marks as required, so that any disputes between neighbors could be resolved.
Surveyors also provided information for construction work. Of particular interest are the cardinally orientated buildings, namely the temples and the pyramids that required a great deal of careful measurement to obtain the orientation required.
The role of the surveyor was an important one, as shown by the evidence of the work of the surveyors in the form of pictures on tomb walls. The position of the surveyor in society, inscribes show, was one in the upper classes in Egyptian society and well educated.
The ancient Egyptian measuring rope (the old term for "surveyors" was "harpedonaptae" or rope-stretchers) was treated to hold its length.  It was stretched taut between stakes and then rubbed with a mixture of beeswax and resin.  Some of the ropes, depicted in hieroglyphs, were graduated by knots tied at intervals.
Thus were kept first known etalons in history.
Accuracy was creditable, according to a 1909 triangulation survey that tied some original boundary stones. 
The Egyptian crews set the stones to divide the fertile Nile delta, and the "rope" was indispensable for measuring the distances.
Plumb bobs were appreciated for their ability to furnish a true vertical line.  The Egyptians employed plumb tools in their sighting and leveling instruments, and as a way to continue distances vertically.  They exploited all the possibilities of the bob, using it for astronomy, navigation, surveying, and building.  It was their "workhorse" tool.
In other words:
"In ancient Egypt rope stretchers were surveyors who measured property demarcations and foundations using knotted cords which they stretched in order to take the sag out of the rope. When performed by kings during the initial stage of temple building the Stretching of the Rope was probably a religious ceremony rather than a surveying job. On artifacts as ancient as the Scorpion Macehead, the Egyptians document the process the royal surveyors used to restore the boundaries of fields after each inundation or flood.
The Egyptians may have been the first surveyors to use ropes and plumbs. Rope stretching technology spread to ancient Greece and India, where it stimulated the development of geometry and mathematics. Some people think it was India that influenced Greece. (!?)"

No doubts, the stretchers impersonated the accuracy, discipline, skillfulness.
However ... Only that is not enough!
The fellows, who are acquainted with field works, know very well that it is impossible to restore the cadastral map without presence of a triangulation network, which requires in turn the basic polygon and benchmark points. Moreover, those must to be stable and long lasting. The cadastral records are useless without such permanent basic network.
The construction of the triangulation network is first and supreme aim of every survey, cadaster, mapping, planning, and war enterprises.
Not only the pyramids, but also all buildings at the left river side of Nile are inaccessible for the floods, are hard founded, are interminable …  And they are erected relatively in equal intervals, as to fulfill string which should to be basis for the quickly renewable triangulation network. One gigantic triangulation polygon base. 
 Luxor Temple – This complex of temples possesses some elements like doubled pylons, which can play the same role in triangulation survey as the pyramids.

When we are peering at the map of the pyramids, begin with those in Abu Rawash, passing through Giza,  Zawyet el-Aryan, Abu Sir,  Saqqara,  Dahshur,  Mazghuna,  Lisht,  Meidum,  Hawara,  El-Lahun,  El-Kurru,  Nuri – we rest with sagacity that all this serpent-like system is so powerful, systematic, collective, coherent …
The big temples (such as Karnak, Luxor …), and the landmarks between Memphis and Abydos, and many other buildings, seem to be parts of this gigantic serpent network.
Why? Why such network had been assembled so consecutively through millennia?
Whether the Egyptian kings were injudicious or crazy to exhaust the sources for their inheritors?
Were extremely cruel to suck a blood to the people …
The history shows that such rulers does not rest long time on the steer of the state power. They had been replaced quickly – sometime noisy by revolutions, sometime silently by court twists.
The human brain cannot accept at easy so effortless explanations. The human brain always will search for explanations that are more rational.

However, for now, by the sight of eagle, we should rest with impression that at the high left riverbank of the Nile (which is inaccessible for the floods) was created gigantic basic network for easy and fast triangulation.
This network is long enduring, massive, and stable.
It should be used in now days for practical purposes. In the case, it will be included in modern day’s triangulation system, it will be serving perfectly!
In addition, which is amazing - without repairing!
The question arises again: Whether this massive complex is consequence of state power, or state power was due to this colossal complex …